News

Your flexible friend: the advantages of flexible PCBs for many electronic devices

by

Flexible Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) offer a highly efficient interconnectivity solution that can bend, form and reform the products they are used in.

It’s as simple as that.

What isn’t so obvious is exactly where and how flexible boards are used: they are increasingly being deployed for an ever-widening range of reasons across an ever-widening range of products.

  • Don’t be fooled into thinking that Flexible PCBs (FPCBs) are just used in devices with complex circuitry.

    They are not.

    Low-tech applications, such as under-the-counter LED lights, often rely on FPCBs because they can make installation so much simpler.

  • And don’t imagine they are just used in the wearables market or for products that need to flex in use.

    You’d be very wrong.

    There are many applications where flexible circuits are required to fit into the device rather than to flex in use. These static applications usually use the less expensive Electro Deposited (ED) copper rather than the more dynamic Rolled Annealed (RA) copper.

Let’s take a look at the growth in FPCBs and consider exactly what they can bring to the assembly line.

The irresistible rise of the FPCB

The global market for FPCBs is expected to be worth a cool $27 billion by 2022.

It is currently growing at a red-hot annual rate of nearly 11% every year.

What’s driving this demand is, undoubtedly, the benefits that FPCBs can offer many different electronic products.

The benefits of FPCBs – and the electronic products that are benefitting from them

· FPCBs enable miniaturisation

FPCBs allow electronic products with strict size constraints to maximise their functionality. Having fewer connectors allows similar functions to occupy less physical space and add less weight to each product.

Flexible circuits are pliable enough to be configured around the edges and folds of devices – and they are durable enough to weather 200,000 bending cycles.


Perfect for:

Miniature devices, such as wearables, sleek fashion accessories, medical devices and smartphones.

Devices where reduced space and minimal weight are critical for performance, such as rockets, cars and satellites.

Flexible PCB in wearables

· FPCBs offer improved assembly quality

The assembly process for FPCBs is, in many ways, simpler than that of their more rigid relations.

This means that, in devices requiring three axes connections, for example, they can be assembled with minimal wiring, thereby reducing the risk of compromised signal integrity and noise interference.

With fewer parts to solder the risk of connection issues from cold joints is also minimised.


Perfect for:

Cameras.

Motion sensors.

Electronic compasses.

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes.

Accelerometers.

Flexible PCB in cameras

· FPCBS provide enhanced board durability

The lighter weight and reduced number of connectors also improves durability.

The elastic, lightweight circuit can easily absorb vibrations with minimal impact on any internal components.

The polyesters and polyamides that comprise FPCBs are also much more suited to withstanding harsher environmental conditions than rigid boards. Their resistance to extreme temperatures, vibration, corrosion, and exposure to moisture makes them ideal for many challenging environments.

In addition, where needed, portions of a FPCB can be strengthened with a stiffening substrate to increase the reliability of these sections.


Perfect for:

Electronic applications designed for the military, aerospace, medical and automotive sectors.

Printers, keyboards and hard disks, thanks to their resistance to vibrations.

Flexible PCB in keyboards

· FPCBs can reduce component costs and risks

While it is true that rigid PCBs typically cost less than flexible circuits, there are some distinct cost savings with FPCBs, many of which may be hidden in traditional cost estimations.

The reduced number of cables, connectors, wire harnesses and overall parts required for FPCB assembly can make them more cost-effective in the long run. This is especially the case when you factor in the upstream and downstream benefits, such as the lowered supply chain risk and reduced maintenance requests that fewer parts offer.


Perfect for:

Remote, unattended devices, such as those used in space or by oceanographers and the oil industry.

And FPCBs just get better and better

It used to be said that material handling, during the manufacturing process of flexible circuits, could account for an unacceptable percentage of production scrap and reliability issues.

Flexible materials are certainly much thinner and more fragile than those used in rigid boards. Flexible core materials are usually between one and three millimetres thick, often containing just half an ounce of copper and with a flexible coverlay that is no more than two millimetres thick.

Yet today skilled operators using specialist process equipment can transport these materials safely and with negligible damage.

Similarly, the flexible portion of these circuits once required laborious manual interventions from manufacturing engineers.

The latest modern software puts all this to rest. Skilled engineers can quickly handle complex 3D designs to stack and test flexible parts in layers much earlier in the production process, where alterations and optimisations have much lighter cost and time implications.

Ready to get flexible?

It’s never a case of either/or.

Hybrid rigid and flexible circuits are often used and sometimes one part of a device may rely on FPCBs while another doesn’t.

That’s where our expert EMS team comes in.

Speak to us early in your design process and we can help you determine the benefits of deciding whether to be or not to be, when it comes to flexibility (hey, that rhymes).

Time to start getting over Brexit?

by

Chris Wootton, CEO, Chemigraphic

Times are changing for the UK and its place in manufacturing, globally. Whilst it is unclear what the exact nature and repercussions of Brexit will be, it’s clear that OEMs and the EMS industry as a whole is taking urgent steps to mitigate risks. Whatever the deal (or no deal) it’s almost inconceivable that there’s not going to be any disruption. So what can we do about it? How can we get over it?

View the situation from all angles

To protect their customers, EMS providers are having to take a highly, proactive global outlook by seeing the situation from all angles and mitigating risk and disruption wherever possible. Some are better set-up to cope with this change. At Chemigraphic, we are the only UK EMS with a Business Continuity Management System that is aligned to the international standard ISO22301. This is a “whole of company” BCMS that risk-assesses and drives mitigation into literally every aspect of business resilience – not just the obvious things such as facilities and services incidents. By default, this means that we are exceptionally resilient and well-placed to endure any external pressures.

Anticipate the extra material demands – and act!

We are noticing an increase in customer demand to mitigate the risk of supply shortage, which further absorbs more materials, and we understand this is true of wider industry. EMS companies are carrying more stock than they traditionally would which is creating unnaturally high demand for materials. We’re seeing that customers who have already reviewed their requirements with regards to Brexit have modified their forecasts and taken increased call-off offers to build their buffer stocks. When all the customers ask for more stock the net effect is that EMS companies get very busy! However, we are telling customers there is still time to create some contingency. While this will not be in the form of Finished Goods Stock, although time is running out we can still protect the supply of materials to get parts landed into the UK. We are doing whatever we can for customers who share this information, but it may be very difficult to find materials for project without upfront visibility.

Ensure your supply chain has landed UK stock

Bringing it into the UK is one of the easiest things they can do, providing they have space. Most of the big distributors and manufacturers are happy to do that. We say to them that we anticipate using X amount of material and they’ll build this into their planning and UK stock-holding. Typically, they will not demand a full commercial obligation.

Look ahead through the supply chain

Any products that are sourced from central Europe will suffer transportation problems, but who’s to say what the knock-on effects will be if ports are locked up? What if distribution centres come to a standstill because of the European content? When this happens, it won’t matter whether it’s been sourced through the US, Asia or Europe, so we remain cautious. We’re looking at scheduled deliveries of materials and making sure we’ve got the right sort of commitment from the supply chain. It’s about being intelligent and doing the appropriate thing. If a customer placed a significant order or an underwriting agreement, we could go out and secure all that stock and have it provisioned. However, this is dependent on the types of materials, value, volume and lead times. It may also be necessary to have an SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Brexit contingency plan with the supplier. The key is to proactively stay ahead of supply chain issues; a good EMS partner should be doing that.

Consider expediting new development projects and consolidate stock

It is more prudent to accelerate timescales rather than defer decisions; building robust solutions and supply chains is best done now. Delaying new projects sacrifices precious time in advance of an unknown situation. Bulking together new and existing projects also offers scalable costs benefits.

Look into Customs Clarifications

We are already considering what this change could do for the price of parts and components. Identifying custom clarifications, checking the World Trade Organisation (WTO) tariffs and potential EU import tariffs can give an idea of what is to come. In a no-deal Brexit, in time the UK will be able to move away from EU regulations, creating the potential to reduce and change them. With this in mind, we are looking at pricing arrangements to see if prices are fixed or if they can be reviewed. UK-based suppliers may be more competitive due to a weak pound and we can enter into trade agreements with new international markets.

Be sensible!

Above all, the general precaution is to have some kind of contingency plan, engage with the supply chain, and start talking about taking some sensible decisions. If you have an absolutely critical process, you need to build in contingency, safety stocks and have a plan. A lot of our customers started doing that at the tail-end of last year but we’ve also heard of companies who only began doing this in February this year!

Best practice in managing a product’s end of life

by

Apple’s announcement in November 2018 that is was to cease the reporting of iPhone sales volumes really worried investors. A flattening of sales, combined with doubts over Apple’s projected innovation, impacted on its stock price. Around the same time, Chinese tech giant, Huawei, beat it into third place on smartphone sales and even set their sights on surpassing the leader, Samsung, with promises of foldable screens and artificial intelligence. Technology pundits began suggesting the unspeakable: the very beginnings of the iPhone’s end of life.

foldable phone

Source: World’s first foldable smartphone unveiled

OEMs can sometimes struggle to manage product end of life effectively. Instead of managing the process from an early stage, they focus all their attention on maintaining sales. History shows that even Apple can be caught off guard.

The iPod – From 1000 songs in your pocket to none

Apple introduced the first-generation iPod in October 2001 with the slogan “1,000 songs in your pocket”. Second, third, fourth and fifth generations followed until September 2007 when Steve Jobs unveiled the 6th Gen iPod “Classic” with a new, thinner chassis and a better battery life. The last hardware update occurred in 2009, and then in September 2014, it was finally discontinued. Apple CEO Tim Cook told us one of the reasons at the 2014 WSJD Live event: “We couldn’t get the parts anymore, not anywhere on Earth”. Even Apple, the first US company to achieve a $1,000,000,000,000 market value is subject to the same pressures as every other large electronics manufacturer.

ipod classic

There are many reasons that a product may enter an EOL process: component shortages, technology barriers, functional redundancy, competitor activity and a lack of investment that causes old or worn tooling can cause and accelerate product decline. It remains a truism that all good things must come to an end; what makes a difference is how you manage it.

Best practices and strategies for managing EOL

Since product decline is inevitable, lifecycle support is an essential service that an EMS partner should provide to its customers. Different solutions can be applied to end-of-life situations: some products get superseded by newer models or versions, meaning only slight tweaks to the manufacturing and sourcing procedures. Other products may simply need support as they dwindle, which can involve investing in enough stock and parts to last the predicted period before obsolescence. Sometimes it’s necessary to re-invest in alternatives. We can advise our customers, ensuring money and resources are not wasted. 

Manage EOL early within a Product Lifecycle Plan

Every product goes through a similar Product Life Cycle (PLC) – introduction into the market, growth, maturity, and then a decline with EOL. Products should, therefore, be managed within a Product Lifecycle Plan, covering all aspects of the product development, from conception to the disposal of the product and components. Start-up manufacturers often overlook this critical aspect but a skilled EMS partner will be able to help develop such a plan.

 Product Life Cycle Curve

Allow products to evolve

Although the iPod was eventually doomed by component shortages and alternative technologies, Apple foresaw the trajectory of the smartphone and rightly predicted how the iPod would become all but redundant. Is that possible with the iPhone too? Ask most tech companies which product is likely to replace the smartphone and the most probable answer will be something “wearable”. The Apple Watch is likely to see many evolutions, as it changes in shape, size, and functionality to communicate with a plethora of smaller IoT devices that are likely to surround us in the future. In an ever-changing global landscape, agile lifecycle support for products is critical. An EMS manufacturing partner can help you make the evolutions from one generation to the next.

Manage component shortages by investing in stock to guarantee a lifespan

As we saw in the iPod example, component shortages can accelerate product decline and in extreme cases force an OEM into sudden and radical design changes. An EMS partner can assist during times of shortage by staying on top of these issues and combining financial leverage to secure large amounts of stock on behalf of clients as well as buffering to provide uninterrupted supply. Chemigraphic operates a demand-based MRP (Material Requirements Planning) system, which ensures on-time delivery, material presentation requirements, stock accuracy and component batch traceability.

Change management

New regulatory requirements, responses to field performance issues and specification adjustments can all drive the need for design and process changes. Following the introduction of RoHS compliance, for instance, many components became unavailable available, due either to the rationalisation of component manufacturers’ production lines, or to have had their part numbers changed. To assist our customers – many of whom are exempt but have stringent approval criteria to meet – we have introduced a fully comprehensive process to verify that the RoHS approved alternative is acceptable before offering it to our customer for their approval. An experienced EMS partner provides flexible and responsive change management to ensure cut-in is effective, controlled and pain-free.

Don’t overlook the value of returns, repairs, and warranty.

Customers may choose their EMS partner to manage aspects of their returns procedures, typically for in- and out-of-warranty support, root cause analysis; or to repair/refurb products to sell as used. Revenue can be gained through these channels that may influence a decision to maintain or discontinue a product. Chemigraphic frequently takes on aspects of this process, since we have access to the components as well as testing experience to rectify product faults, plus the automation and logistics skill to make this process as efficient as possible.

Communicate clearly to customers

Customers will be more critical of businesses that cannot smoothly manage the transition from older products to new versions. Some customers will not upgrade, so it remains particularly important to clearly communicate when and what is being eliminated and help them find a solution.

Six degrees of preparation: The six life stages of every product

by
The-six-life-stages-of-every-product

Every product we own, desire or leave on the shelf has its own story. From being a mere twinkle in its designer’s eye to the sad day when its parts are being recycled for newer, more exciting models, there is always a myriad of processes and considerations that go into creating that product.

But what’s actually involved in making a product?

Here’s our step-by-step guide to the six stages involved in every product’s lifecycle, from concept to obsolescence and how choosing the right manufacturing partner can make these steps easier to manage.

1. Design: Defining the idea

DesignDesigning a product is never simple.  When that product contains complex electronic circuits and components, the design process is even more complicated, needing to take into account the following considerations:

  •  Component selection. It is easy to default to known, and previously used, families of parts but the market is volatile and subject to change. It’s vital to determine whether selections are truly optimal for sustainable supply across the entire product lifecycle.
  • Which materials can withstand the conditions the product will be used in, for example hostile, hazardous or security sensitive environments.
  • The design will meet functionality requirements, but is the construction design effective and facilitate use of the latest manufacturing automation?
  • How the product can deliver both optimal function AND cost-efficiency

Using a manufacturing partner skilled in Design for Manufacture (DfM) will help to ensure that whatever solution is chosen will be cost-effective and adhere to the Bill of Materials (BoM)

However, it’s also important to incorporate processes that will enable a smooth manufacturing operation. Influencing the design while it is still fluid is crucial so difficult and costly decisions don’t need to be taken later in the process.

An EMS partner can work with customer teams to devise design packages and create documentation such as Gerber data, or take developed packages and get them ready for the the later stages of manufacturing.

Whatever stage they become involved at, the NPI engineers’ priority will be to take a customer’s concept and turn it into a tangible plan for volume manufacture.

2. New Product Introduction (NPI): Turning plans into process

NPINPI is arguably not a single step on its own, but rather an enabler for the rest of the manufacturing process, but it deserves the number 2 spot in this list as what comes next in the product lifecycle cannot be achieved without it.

It is at the NPI stage that the ideas that were developed and shaped during the design stage can be turned into workable processes. The initial plans are transformed into the building blocks for the manufacture itself, paving the way for the physical build of the product.

As supply chains get tighter, processes get stricter and timescales get shorter, global manufacturers are competing to satisfy the requirements of savvier, more demanding consumers.

Meeting these challenges head on is crucial to the NPI process, which demands a smooth transition from the design phase, into manufacturing and finally out to market.

The NPI engineering team will collaborate with customers on any aspect of data translation, documentation, design, assembly and test to create an optimal package, with stages formally validated at each gate.

3. Rapid Prototyping: Enabling a smooth transition to manufacture

Rapid prototypingEvery new electronic product needs to be tried and tested before being launched to market. Rapid prototyping is the quickest and most seamless way to reduce the speed to ramp, while maintaining product quality and lowering costs.

Product and circuitry tests conducted early in the manufacturing journey are not only better for our customers, but mean that products can be modified quicker and out to market faster.

Software development is often delayed until a working hardware platform becomes available, so the prototypes are needed beforehand.

Rapid prototyping doesn’t just benefit customers who need a working version of their product to validate that the circuits function perfectly; it also shows design teams that the circuits fit into the size and space required, which then can be vigorously tested and qualified to meet regulatory requirements.

It’s best to use the same equipment for prototyping that you will use for volume production, so you can check the product’s readiness for large scale manufacturing and pave the way for a smooth transition.

4. Supply Chain Management: Establishing sustainable sourcing procedures

Supply chain managementSetting up a supply chain that will guarantee on-time delivery, cost savings and sustainability of components is crucial when preparing any product for a smooth route to market.

Once prototypes have been approved and testing is complete, establishing the correct sourcing solutions is a vital step in the product lifecycle. From choosing the best suppliers for each component to auditing each supplier and testing their capabilities, it’s hugely important to make these preparations before volume manufacturing can begin.

EMS partners need to understand the following before they can start to establish the best sourcing options for each product and customer:

  • Product lifecycles
  • Timeframes
  • Urgency
  • Quantities required

Additionally, it’s important to know if products need to meet certain standards, for example, if they have to be built to military grades or other strict regulations. Market conditions and current component stocks will also affect where and when you begin your sourcing journey.

5. Volume manufacturing: Combining intelligent solutions with optimal process

Volume manufacturingThe ‘manufacturing’ part of the process only comes when the previous steps have been taken: managing the actual production lines and taking the product through to fulfilment and shipping is (almost) the final piece of the puzzle.

The ins and outs of the manufacturing process itself are countless, from specific techniques involved such as surface mount and through hole assembly and specialised services such as conformal coating and complex solderwork.

Each customer and each product requires a different combination of processes, techniques, testing and analysis throughout the manufacturing stage to ensure it is fit for the end-user.

Once sub-assembly build is complete, systems integration stages such as box build, electro-mechanical assembly, wiring, firmware programming/software upload, test, configuration and encapsulation can then take place to “create” an actual product.

Before shipping, comprehensive inspection and packaging is applied to ensure products are ready to be delivered to their ultimate destination.

6. Legacy products

Legacy ProductsManaging the end of life of a product is an essential part of the wider lifecycle support system that an EMS partner will provide its customers, from concept to the legacy stage.

Lifecycle support also includes crucial services such as returns management, repairs and warranty management, all of which can be undertaken or overseen by an EMS partner.

Managing a product decline can be tricky, as volumes start to reduce and materials become difficult to source, especially if the product is an older model using components which may now be bulky, outdated or simply hard to get hold of.

It’s not just the components either; older tooling and equipment may wear down over time and if fewer products require their use, it can be costly and ineffective to replace them.

Different solutions can be applied to end of life situations: some products get superseded by newer models or versions, meaning only slight tweaks to the manufacturing and sourcing procedures.

Other products may simply need support as they dwindle, which can involve investing in enough stock and parts to last the predicted period before they are withdrawn from the market.

It’s vital that all parties understand the market and technological dynamics that can lead to physical parts being renumbered following a change in supplier or manufacturer. Once again this requires in-depth knowledge and monitoring of the entire supply chain.

By working with a manufacturing partner which is dedicated to monitoring the market for signs of change and has the knowledge to react to this and find suitable alternative routes, this process can be managed effectively without compromising timescales or cost.

Four critical questions to ask your EMS provider about your data’s security

by

We live in a connected world.

The Internet of Things (IoT), the ubiquity of data and the Fourth Industrial Revolution deliver gains in productivity and efficiency through connections across the manufacturing sector.

Yet the same connections that strengthen us could also weaken us: as our shared data becomes more powerful it could prove to be our Achilles heel.

And it’s the weak link in the chain that hackers are increasingly keen to exploit.

The importance of security for electronic manufacturing

Recent concerns have highlighted how security threats could derail the application and uptake of IoT.

A study released by Hewlett-Packard discovered that 70% of the most commonly used IoT devices contain at least some vulnerabilities.

A review of these breaches led a contributor to New Electronics to bemoan that ‘vendors are repeatedly failing to apply simple security best practise and are exposing their customers to attack.’

The article goes on to list ten common security breaches, among which it includes issues with the hardware itself.

  • Unnecessary functions such as debug ports are left in place creating potential routes in for hackers.
  • Devices are under-utilising security mechanisms such as BGA (Ball Grid Array) packages which, when combined with good PCB design, make it harder to tap into signals.

But these concerns about security are not just about the end-products but can be found in the manufacturing process itself.

Here are some of the stories that have hit the headlines in the last few years:

  • Electronics manufacturer Foxconn was breached by a hacktivist group that released every employee’s login information.
  • Boeing was compromised repeatedly for four years by foreign nationalists trying to steal defence program manufacturing plans.
  • In Japan, Korea and Germany manufacturers have been targeted by hackers, believed to be from China, trying to access IP data, trade secrets and blueprints.

And here’s a story that did not make quite such a big splash but is even more alarming.

  • 48% of UK manufacturers have been subject to a cyber-attack – and half of these businesses suffered either financial loss or disruption to business as a result.
  • Manufacturing is now the third-most targeted sector for attacks by hackers.

These shocking statistics are from a report on cyber-security for manufacturers, published by EEF and AIG and carried out by the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI).

It goes on to suggest that this threat will only deepen with increasing digitisation – and notes that 91% of manufacturers are investing in digital technologies.

The report also found that across the manufacturing sector cyber security maturity levels are ‘highly varied’ both in terms of awareness of the cyber security challenge and the implementation of appropriate risk mitigation measures.

Which suggests there are many weak links in the supply chain out there.

Critical questions to ask your EMS provider

The good news for electronic manufacturers is that GDPR has helped to focus minds. Manufacturers are increasingly willing to question their suppliers to ensure adequate security procedures are in place.

The EFF/AIG report found that 58% of manufacturers have been asked to demonstrate or guarantee the robustness of their cyber-security processes by a business within their own supply chain.

Worryingly, 42% haven’t.

And of even more concern is that 37% of manufacturers admitted they would be unable to do this if asked today.

If you are looking for an EMS provider to partner with here are four critical questions you should ask about their security arrangements.

(We’ve provided our own answers after each one.)

1/ How do you ensure the security of your customer’s product data?

  • Our data is stored in a protected area that has restricted access.
  • Data is only ever distributed on a need to know basis.
  • Our network has strict access controls, with verification required at each level of security.
  • We do not outsource any area of your PCB assembly – to ensure there is no risk of compromise from this.
  • We manage our supply chain robustly, establishing long-term relationships and always ensuring Non-Disclosure Agreements are in place where needed.

2/ How do you ensure security on-site?

  • Our site has controlled access – this extends to each facility and internal area.
  • We carefully manage any contractors on site – access to customer data is never granted to anyone not employed by Chemigraphic.
  • The data itself is stored in a vault storage.
  • We have access-controlled IT server rooms.

3/ How do you manage your supply chain to ensure data security?

  • As the outsourced manufacturing partner to our customers, we take full responsibility for the entire manufacturing process and the management of any suppliers and materials within it.
  • We source excellent materials using only reputable partners.
  • We have enhanced inspection and qualification procedures for new parts to minimise the risk of counterfeit parts with security feature defects or malicious designs.
  • We undertake supplier site security audits if necessary – especially for overseas suppliers.
  • All employees and contractors are thoroughly screened.
  • If you prefer, we can work only from UK sources.
  • We discretely manage customer information, including the restriction of signage and non-publicity clauses etc.
  • We offer segregated materials storage and build areas – and we can provide a dedicated restricted-access area for security-conscious customers.

4/ Can you show me an example of a project of yours that had high security requirements?

Sure.

This case study of our work with a cyber-security sector customer is just one example of a project we’ve delivered where customer data and through processes were highly important.

Ask us about your data’s security with us

Everything we do is governed by robust processes. These are designed to meet exacting standards of security while delivering optimal efficiency and consistently excellent results.

We believe that through intelligent planning, proper process and strict control, anything can be achieved.

If you’d like to know more about how we ensure your data is safe and secure with us, don’t hesitate to ask or take a look at why we stand out from the crowd.

From art to science – the development of the PCB

by
From-art-to-science-1080x675

We recently outlined the evolution of the PCB after it emerged to replace point to point connections on a chassis in the years following World War II.

Here we’d like to trace the key moments in recent years that our brief history did not allow us space for.

As we chart how the manufacture of PCBs transformed from an art to a highly-specialised science we pinpoint five decisive moments that have kick-started their development in recent decades.

In the beginning

The earliest PCBs were very much works of art.

Etched by hand, they owed more to technology from artwork reproduction than to high tech.

To create these circuits copper-clad boards were used. The artwork was hand-drawn, and once the track layout was defined, it was printed onto the board as an etch-resist mask. Acid was next used to etch away the exposed copper before another chemical removed the etch resist.

Although we would still recognise the circuit board produced today, the process of producing it had its roots squarely in methods that had long been used in printing and artwork reproduction.

These processes have changed much since the tech breakthroughs and the manufacturing and electronic development that came to a head in the 1990s.

Here are just five of the ways that PCB manufacture was transformed from an art to a science.

The multilayer breakthrough thanks to via

It was in the 1990s that the use of multilayer surface boards became more frequent, allowing for greater complexity and speed.

The inevitable reduction in size of PCBs allowed them to be incorporated into a wider range of designs and devices.

What  the introduction of blind via and buried via permitted was connection on different layers through copper-plated holes functioning as an electrical tunnel through the insulating substrate. In the past connection through layers had been allowed using plated thru-barrels, but these created an obstacle to connections to every other layer.

The result, following the introduction of via technology in 1995, was the production of High-Density Interconnect (HDI) PCBs.

These could accommodate a much denser design on the PCB and allowed the use of significantly smaller components. With multilayer HDI PCBs reliability is enhanced in all conditions, which is why the most common applications for HDI technology are computer, mobile phone components, medical equipment and military communication devices.

Via have continued to evolve, with the recent emergence of micro-via, a specific type of small via which is used on particularly high-layer-count, densely populated PCBs, which are typically performing some form of high-speed number crunching.

Leadless components and the shrinking PCB

As we’ve seen PCBs really started to shrink in the 1990s (and they haven’t stopped since). Alongside the use of micro-vias we also saw the advent of leadless component designs, such as BGAs, uBGAs, chip-scale packages and so on.

These paved the way for integrated circuits with more gates which ushered in the start of successfully embedding memories and Systems on Chip (SoC) together.

Leadless packages save space by keeping the contact points in a matrix underneath the component instead of squeezed side-by-side around their perimeter. This extra space is crucial for applications like mobile devices, tablets and wearables, where every millimetre counts.

However, leadless packages also have a great deal of mechanical strength, so they don’t separate from PCBs as easily. This is thanks to their high contact area to package ratio which allows them to withstand a great deal of pulling and shear forces.

Since leadless devices are suspended on a matrix of underside solder spheres rather that soldered pins around the perimeter, manufacturing and inspection techniques need to be much more sophisticated, but the space-efficiency and reliability benefits are compelling.

Flexible circuits transform PCB designs

It was, again, in the 1990s that flexible circuits really made their presence felt, although their history can be traced all the way back to the birth of the PCB itself.

With the first PCB manufactured by Paul Eisler less than a decade old, we find a published exploration by Cledo Brunetti and Roger W. Curtis in 1947 of creating circuits on flexible insulating materials. Indeed, by the 1950s Victor Dahlgren and Royden Sanders had already made significant advances in actually developing processes that could print and etch flat conductors on flexible base materials.

Today, flexible circuits are produced by mounting electronic devices on flexible plastic substrates (such as polyimide, PEEK or transparent conductive polyester film) or by screen printing silver circuits on polyester.

They offer several advantages for many applications. These include their potential to replace multiple rigid boards, their suitability for dynamic and high-flex applications and their ability to be stacked in various configurations.

You will find them in:

  • Tightly assembled electronic packages, where electrical connections are required in three axes, such as cameras.
  • Electrical connections where the assembly is required to flex, such as folding mobile phones and laptop screen hinges.
  • Connections between sub-assemblies to replace the bulky and heavy wire harness, such as in cars, laptops, rockets and satellites.
  • Electrical connections where board thickness, weight or space constraints are important factors.

The finishes that created new beginnings for the PCB

The range of finishes that have been introduced into PCB manufacture over the last 20 years has also greatly enhanced their suitability for use in a number of applications.

The finish is applied to ensure solderability and to create the base of electronic connection between board and device. But, the correct surface finish selection can also affect PCB reliability – and the introduction of new finishes has greatly enhanced their reliability under a number of different conditions.

  • HASL

The traditional finish is Hot Air Solder Levelling (HASL) but this is now increasingly being replaced by lead-free HASL.

All HASL finishes prevent oxidation from the underlying copper but the process causes high stress on the PCB and this can diminish its long-term reliability. The process is also not suitable for HDI PCBs.

  • ENIG

ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) offers a great alternative – but one that comes with a price tag.

Ideal for fine pitch, flat surfaces, ENIG perfectly suits the modern-day HDI PCB. It can, however, carry undesirable magnetic properties and is prone to a build-up of phosphorous that may cause faulty connections and fractured surfaces.

  • OSP

OSP (Organic Solderability Preservative) is a finish that can be considered for fine pitches, BGA and small components. In addition, it is less expensive than ENIG and highly repairable, but it is difficult to test and has a limited shelf life of six months.

The rise of the exotic substrate

PCB manufacture has over the years gradually settled on the glass epoxy laminate of FR-4 as its preferred material.

There is good reason for this – in terms of performance and affordability – but we have, in recent times, seen the introduction of a number of alternatives. These ceramic and metallic substrates are often suited to specialist applications, such as those requiring performance in conditions of high temperature and high power.

They include:

  • Aluminium
    Used for parts requiring significant cooling, such as power switches and LEDs.
  • Kapton
    A polyimide foil used for flexible printed circuits that is resistant to high temperatures.
  • FR-5
    Woven fiberglass and epoxy offering high strength at higher temperatures.
  • G-10
    Woven glass and epoxy offering high insulation resistance, low moisture absorption and very high bond strength.
  • G-11
    Woven glass and epoxy offering high resistance to solvents as well as high flexural strength retention at high temperatures.
  • RF-35
    Fiberglass-reinforced ceramics-filled PTFE (Teflon) offering good mechanical and high-frequency properties.
  • Polyimide
    A high-temperature polymer offering excellent performance that can be used from cryogenic temperatures to over 260 °C.

The return of the art of the PCB

The diversity of today’s PCB technology requires an artist to create the perfect board for each device, application and customer.

Chemigraphic has the broad expertise and capability in each specialist area to understand and decide which technology and processes will create the right PCB for your requirements and budget.

Is the future of manufacturing additive?

by

The potential uses for 3D printing were widely misunderstood when it first appeared on the scene.

Tech pundits and futurologists joined forces to proclaim that 3D print would usher in a consumer revolution, as individuals took control of the means of production for themselves.

But, as we highlighted in our last blog, the benefits of 3D printing are now actually reshaping the manufacturing sector, rather than making it redundant.

The trend towards Additive Manufacturing

You can chart the change in the perceived benefits of 3D printing. As it changes from being seen as a consumer tool to a production tool, the use of the term ‘Additive Manufacturing’ (AM) dramatically rises.

This is how searches for AM are reported by Google Trends:

additive manufacturing

3D printing and AM are now used interchangeably as terms.

Peter Zelinski, the editor-in-chief of Additive Manufacturing magazine, reminds us we should bear in mind that AM also refers to other technologies and processes.

These include:

  • Rapid prototyping
  • Direct digital manufacturing
  • Layered manufacturing
  • Additive fabrication

Revealing synonyms

Synonyms, other than 3D printing, that are increasingly used for AM hint strongly at the benefits it offers – and that we will review further below:

  • Desktop manufacturing
    Suggests how AM frees production from the tyranny of tooling
  • Rapid manufacturing 
    Echoes rapid prototyping
    Suggests the speed of both prototyping and manufacture that 3D print offers
  • On-demand manufacturing
    Echoes on-demand printing
    Suggests the ability to cost-effectively create bespoke, tailored products

 

Additive Manufacturing

AM describes any technology that creates something by cumulatively adding layers of material.

The range of materials that can be used is ever-expanding and includes plastics, metals and concrete. In the very near future advances in biotechnology will inevitably see human tissue included in this list.

The basis of AM is computerised 3D modelling (or CAD). The data from this is used to add successive layers of liquid, powder or sheet material to manufacture a 3D object.

AM is fundamentally different to traditional manufacturing processes. These typically have a high up-front cost that is related to the need to create tooling.

  • Moulds are required by formative manufacturing technologies (such as injection moulding)
  • Cutting tools are needed for subtractive technologies (such as CNC machining).

The uses of Additive Manufacturing

This is what AM does well:

  • It is best suited to the production of single (or a limited number) of parts
  • It has an incredibly quick turnaround time
  • It has very low set-up costs
  • It can produce complex geometric shapes that are not producible using traditional manufacturing methods

In the past it was the case that the lower strength of objects it created could be an issue – and similarly it had proved wanting where functional parts with tight tolerances were called for – but this is increasingly not the case.

For instance in 2017, Siemens created the first gas turbine blades ever produced using 3D printing. Following performance testing under full-load conditions, these blades were found to survive temperatures above 1,250oC and pressures similar to the weight of a double-decker bus.

Siemens created the first gas turbine blades ever produced using 3D printing

Source: Future Makers

What’s more, the blades traditionally took over a year to make but, with 3D technology, they took just eight weeks.

Early uses of AM harnessed its benefits for rapid prototyping, but more recently it is being used to fabricate end-use products in aircraft, dental restorations, medical implants, automobiles and even fashion products.

“This technology will impact pretty much every market sector, whether it’s shoes, whether its clothes, automobile parts, aeroplane parts, medical devices or electronics.”

Michael Todd, Global Head of Innovation at Henkel

Source: 3D metal work printing (image courtesy of Davidfotografie/Arup).

The benefits of Additive Manufacturing

 

The speed of production and lack of tooling requirements are a big plus for manufacturers. They enable designers to rapidly and cost-effectively prototype designs for verification and testing. In the past it took days or even weeks to receive a prototype – now AM places a model in the designer’s hands within hours.

This speed is further enhanced by the efficiencies AM can offer. Most parts require a large number of manufacturing steps to be produced traditionally, but AM completes the build in just one step. Freed from the constraints of, for example, machining and welding, new designs and possibilities can be explored.

For single (or low) volume runs, AM’s lack of tooling offers distinct cost advantages. It removes the need for a skilled machine operator to be present during the manufacture.

It is these cost and time benefits that have led to many innovative uses of AM. Nowhere is this more so than in the production of customised products. It is now possible to reduce the cost of bespoke products such as dental implants, hearing aids, prosthetics and, perhaps even in the near future, body tissue.

As well as medical and dental uses this capability is also seeing AM used for specialised military, automotive and aeronautical parts, as well as for customised fits on sporting equipment and fashionwear.

Is additive manufacturing the future?

As consumer trends move toward customisation, and increased competition demands lower and lower lead times, there is a clear place for AM in the future.

And it’s looking like it can disrupt niche manufacturers requiring specialist tolerances and precision as well as those serving the mass, consumer market.

At present, there are two main factors that restrict its use:

  • Scalability
    AM still can’t cost-effectively manufacture higher volumes of products
  • Versatility
    The range of materials that AM can use for manufacture is expanding but, for example, it still struggles to handle true silicones

However, its capabilities are continually expanding.

And it’s here to stay.

Richard Hague, Professor of Innovative Manufacturing at the University of Nottingham, firmly stakes its place in the future of manufacturing:

“I don’t think additive manufacturing is an emerging technology any more. I think it’s emerged, and many people are already using it – and using it successfully.”

A short history of the PCB

by

As PCBs increasingly shrink in size, their capabilities, power and importance continue to grow.

Space travel, the consumer electronics boom and many ground-breaking (and life-saving) medical devices are quite simply unimaginable without the humble PCB.

The world market for blank PCBs exceeded $60 billion for the first time in 2014 – and it’s estimated to reach nearly $80 billion by 2024.

Let’s review how we got here – and where we might be going – with a short history of the PCB.

A short history of the PCB

Point-to-point precursors

Before the development of PCBs, circuits were wired point-to-point on a chassis.

This was usually made from a sheet metal frame with a wooden bottom. Insulators connected the components to the chassis and their leads were connected by soldering.

They worked – but they also left a lot to be desired. They were large, bulky, heavy and relatively fragile, not to mention being incredibly labour-intensive and costly to produce.

Early innovators point to the way forward

At the turn of the 20th century a number of innovations began to pave the way for the PCB – but it would take 36 years for these to coalesce into the PCB as we know and love it.

In 1903 Albert Hanson filed a British patent for a device described as a flat, foil conductor on an insulating board with multiple layers and the next year Thomas Edison experimented with various chemical methods to plate conductors onto linen paper.

By 1913 Arthur Berry was busy in the UK filing a patent that described a print-and-etch method while, across the pond, Max Shoop obtained a US patent for flame-spraying metal onto a board through a patterned mask.

We were getting closer – but there was still no cigar.

The first real breakthrough moment must be awarded to Charles Ducas.

He applied to the US Patent Office in 1927 to protect his method of electroplating circuit patterns. The process he used placed an electronic path directly onto an insulated surface. Copper wires were not yet available for these printed wire circuits, so the first almost-recognisable PCB was made from brass wires.

The music printing industry creates the first PCB

Closely resembling a PCB, Ducas’ electroplated circuits were only intended to be used as a flat heating coil. There was no actual electrical connectivity between board and components, but it was only going to be a matter of time until this was realised.

And it was realised by an Austrian engineer on the run from the Nazis. Working in the English music printing industry, Paul Eisler developed his PCBs partly while in jail as an illegal alien.

It was in 1936 that Eisler first produced a PCB as part of a radio. Eisler’s dream was to use the printing process to allow electronic circuits to be laid onto an insulating base in high volumes. At the time, the hand-soldered circuit wires were error-prone and not easily scalable.

The demands of war led to the PCB’s wider adoption

It wasn’t until 1943 that Eisler’s dream became a reality. In 1943 the USA began using his technology on the scale he envisioned to manufacture proximity fuses for use in World War II.

After the war, in 1948, the US military released their innovations into commercial use and the stage was set for a much wider adoption of PCBs.

Despite this, printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s. It was in the baby boomer years that the auto-assembly process developed by the United States Army Signal Corps allowed for much faster creation of PCBs.

This process was developed by Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko in 1949. It used component leads inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip soldering to speed things up.

This concept, complemented by board lamination and etching techniques, remains the standard PCB fabrication process used today. It solved once and for all the time-consuming demands and high costs of through-hole construction, which required holes to be drilled through the PCB for the wires of every component.

 

Multilayer PCBs and Surface Mount Technology

The rise in popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper planes was concurrent with the adoption of Surface Mount technology (SMT).

This began in the 1960s but it wasn’t until the 1980s that it was fully adopted as standard.

SMT was developed by IBM, and the densely packed components it allowed found their first practical use in the Saturn rocket boosters.

Throughout the 1970s, the circuitry and overall size of the boards were shrinking in size.

Components were mechanically redesigned to be soldered directly onto the PCB surface – and hot air soldering methods helped achieve this.

As components became smaller, they were increasingly placed on both sides of the board, allowing for much smaller PCB assemblies with higher circuit densities.

Surface mounting lends itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labour costs and greatly increasing production rates.

 

Gerber and EDA in the 1980s

 

Despite these developments, many PCBs were still being drawn by hand with a light board and stencils until the 1980s.

The arrival of computers and EDA software, such as Protel and Eagle, was about to completely change the design and manufacture of PCBs.

Today designs are saved as Gerber text files and these coordinates are fed directly into the manufacturing machinery.

The HDI era of the 1990s

In 1995 we saw the first use of micro-via technology in PCB production, introducing the era of High Density Interconnect (HDI) PCBs.

HDI technology allowed for a denser design on the PCB and significantly smaller components. As a result, components can be closer and the paths between them shorter.

This is achieved through the use of blind (or buried) vias or microvias, which offers enhanced reliability and lower costs, especially for multilayer PCBs. HDI technology is particularly favoured for computer, mobile phones, medical and military equipment.

And into the future

Which brings us bang up to date.

But why stop there?

The incredible advances of the last 80 years show no signs of slowing.

In fact, the opposite: Moore’s law is far from being repealed, despite what you may have heard.

Here’s just a few of the forthcoming PCB features that will drive new capabilities and developments.

  • Recent advances in 3D printing, using liquid inks that contains electronic functionalities, are leading to several applications for PCB manufacture.
  • The increased use of integrated circuit chips to deliver millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors fabricated on a semiconductor wafer.
  • The space-saving benefits and electrical performance benefits offered by package on package (POP) and embedded component techniques
  • Greater environmental awareness is spearheading research into the possibility of adopting PCBs made from paper
  • As medical technology look to create an endless feedback loop between patient, doctor and device flexible circuitry for wearables looks set to drive innovation
  • Photonics and PCB are inching closer and herald efficiency, miniaturisation and flexibility on a scale previously unimaginable, as photons, rather than electrons, are used to route electrical signals.
  • Wave technology may even replace the need for a physical medium to connect components – these are copper-less PCBs for a wireless age

How OEMs can best manage the issue of component obsolescence

by

What are the biggest challenges facing OEMs today?

The usual suspects staring at us from a long line-up include:

  • Brexit and risks of disruption arising, in many different guises
  • The rise of electronics industries in low cost geographies such as Asia
  • The rapid pace of tech change
  • The concurrent need for faster production lead times

Critical though these issues are, it can be easy to overlook seemingly ‘day to day’ challenges that in reality, can have a catastrophic impact on the supply chain and the manufacturing process.

Sudden limitation of supply is currently a very hot topic and worth of an article on its own, but  outright component obsolescence– and the need to manage the risks it poses – is a specific associated problem that many OEMs tend to overlook, or at least fail to sufficiently prepare for.

The accelerated risk of obsolescence

The diminishing lifetime of electronic components is undoubtedly an issue, especially for those supplying the high-reliability medical, aerospace and defence industries.

The embedded systems used in these products are designed for a long working life. Electrical components, however, increasingly aren’t.

For defence OEMs in the past, obsolescence could be circumvented thanks to the volume and buying power they enjoyed. This is no longer the case.

Time and time again we see chip manufacturers placing products as end of life (EOL) that are required by high-reliability market providers. The simple fact is that usage is now so small compared to other more profitable product lines.

 As the life cycles of components shrink, we see counterfeiting risks growing.

To meet the swelling demand for disappearing parts – and avoid redesign and recertification requirements – some OEMs are relying, wittingly or unwittingly, on grey markets and counterfeit components. This situation is fraught with its own considerable risks.

 Another factor that is leading to increased obsolescence is the rash of mergers and acquisitions throughout the supply chain.

This is occurring as component suppliers look to enhance their offerings to meet the demands of new emerging markets such as Electric Vehicles, Smart devices and the Internet of Things (IoT).

With every purchase or partnership, the risk of component obsolescence increases. More products are struck off the list as lines are reviewed, rationalised and trimmed.

 The after-effects of mergers and acquisitions has led to unwieldy and complex supply chains.

These create problematic, diffuse communication channels that can lead to missed notifications, poor communication and increased lead times.

Other causes for component obsolescence include:

  • Lack of demand, making it unwise for manufacturers to continue their support
  • Suppliers going out of business or a catastrophic accidental damage to stock
  • Diversion of raw materials into other more lucrative areas causing legacy support to become less attractive

Many components are retired simply because they have been superseded or no longer satisfy the increasingly stringent demands of legislation.

For instance, updates to the European Union’s regulation for the restriction, evaluation, and authorisation of chemicals (REACH) and the directive for the restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS) caused many EOL notifications.

What are your options when component obsolescence occurs?

 Notifications can be easily missed or offer a very limited time for decision making.

Component manufacturers issue stock obsolescence risk flags including:

  • Product change notices (PCN)
  • End of life (EOL)
  • Last-time buy (LTB)
  • Last -time ship (LTS)

However, if OEMs are not relying on a partner to monitor these for them, such flags are notoriously easy to miss.  And some estimates have placed the proportion of components going EOL without any notice at all as high as 40%.

Often parts may only be ‘technically’ obsolete but still available under a different part number.

It’s vital that all parties understand the market and technological dynamics that can lead to physical parts being renumbered following a change in supplier or manufacturer. Once again this requires in-depth knowledge and monitoring of the entire supply chain.

By working with a manufacturing partner which is dedicated to watching the market for signs of change and has the knowledge to react to this and find suitable alternative routes, this process can be managed effectively without compromising timescales or cost.

Thankfully there are data-driven software tools that can scrub your Bill of Materials (BoM) and highlight any at-risk components.

Such predictive tools will reveal both EOL components and identify components considered at high risk of becoming obsolete. From here, of course, you can make the decision to identify last-time buys or replace the component.

The importance of an expert EMS partner

OEMs tend to focus on designing function, validating their creations and developing peripheral items, such as a functional test regime.

Yet the ultimate commercial success of any electrical product hinges just as much on having a fully developed and sustainable supply chain supporting it.

Even the most radical designs often have their roots in existing circuit architecture.

Your contracted manufacturing partner can scrub the existing BoM to suggest changes required – it is often tried-and-tested components that slip under the radar.

The risk of obsolescence can be mitigated by engaging early with an EMS partner which has an expert overview of all the current developments in the material market.

Of course, this early engagement in design is critical for optimising performance as well as managing obsolescence. Your EMS partner can help guide you to optimised materials selection while the design is still fluid. Once the product has undergone extensive regulatory validation it rarely remains cost-effective to make changes to minimise component life cycle risk or to improve performance.

In addition, trusted EMS partners will not only flag obsolescence risk. They will also be able to mitigate this risk before it occurs with viable and appropriate alternative suggestions, ensuring 100% BoM compliance.

In today’s dynamic global marketplace, reliable sources can suddenly come to an end. Only EMS partners with an entirely robust customer authorisation process can ensure compliance in all circumstances.

Part obsolescence cannot be avoided – but it can be managed, minimised and mitigated

Today’s rapidly changing supply chain will continue to throw up obsolescence challenges for electronics manufacturing.

That much is inevitable. But, by partnering with someone who offers you access to a robust, trusted supply chain you can minimise risk and maximise viable, cost-effective solutions.

With sound planning, a pro-active approach and long-term vision – along with solid, best in class supply chain partners – the threat of component obsolescence certainly loses its bite.

To learn more, read about Chemigraphic’s approach to effective component sourcing and supply chain management.

The five steps to more efficient EMS sourcing

by

The five steps to more efficient EMS sourcing

John Johnston, NPI Director, Chemigraphic

  1. Understand the requirement

When sourcing components for a product, it’s vital to receive a full brief on exactly what your customer needs in order to meet production deadlines and come in on budget. EMS partners need to understand product lifecycles, timeframes, urgency, and quantities required. It’s also essential that they can anticipate which manufacturing processes will be involved and determine which machine-friendly formats can be used in order to reduce handling and prevent the opportunity for human error. Component availability – particularly under current market strains – may call for alternative solutions to be found, or specific processes to be implemented.

Additionally, it’s important to know if the products need to meet certain standards, for example, if they have to be built to military grades or other strict regulations. In these cases however, customers must be flexible on the specification where possible to reduce both time and cost. Industrial grade parts can be far more expensive and significantly more difficult to source than perfectly acceptable commercial grades. Scalability should also be a key consideration at this point. The lure of catalogue availability for the rapid turn prototype stages can become a liability when production growth demands sustainable volume sourcing.

  1. Category analysis: Identify key Cost and technology drivers

Understanding exactly what will be driving the cost of the product and what technology is at play will serve any procurement well when focusing on cost and availability objectives. This thought process will form the basis for a solid and effective EMS sourcing strategy.

Technology considerations may impact the geographical area where sourcing is undertaken. For example, if a product will have IoT functionality, it is likely to be beneficial to source components within China or other offshore locations. Market conditions and current component stocks will also affect where and when you begin your sourcing journey.

It is also worth understanding at this stage any synergy between new and current projects to potentially leverage any latest production efficiencies. Advanced process automation, SMT clustering, common stock passives, inter-product commonality can all bring cost savings and delivery security if materials are selected to suit best practice.

  1. Audit your streams of supply

With any sourcing task, there will be a variety of options available in terms of locating and procuring the suitable EMS components for a product. In terms of choosing reliable, credible and efficient suppliers, there are a number of checks that must be made before embarking upon a deal. From basic financial checks to an audit of the accreditations and certifications each supplier holds, it’s essential that research is carried out before any decision is taken. Looking at capital assets will reassure you of the firm’s financial stability and it’s always useful to ask for references and testimonials from other partners as well.

With our heritage and legacy, Chemigraphic has a catalogue of key, tried and tested supplier relationships catering for various customer requirements both on and offshore across all sectors.

  1. Create your shortlist

When putting together your shortlist of suppliers to tender for an EMS component contract, look at the fundamentals. Consider costs, turnaround times, the commercial success each business has enjoyed and their reputation in the industry. Do your due diligence on each contender and wean the list down to those who tick the boxes in terms of chemistry, reliability and quality. It’s vital to choose suppliers who will be flexible and resourceful as well: just as you will often have to find suitable alternatives for your customers when complexities arise, your suppliers will need to as well, so pick partners who are willing to seek out different solutions where necessary.

Future-proof your selection by choosing a high-capability partner who offers additional services you may not need now, but could do in future.

  1. Select your supplier!

Put as much effort into establishing and building the foundations of the supplier relationship as you did into finding the suppliers in the first place. Draw up thorough contracts or standard operating agreements (SOAs), carry out comprehensive induction processes and trial the relationship by setting test orders or quantities. If the tests are passed and the results are good, then increase the amounts and progress the partnership. Scorecards and KPIs should run on a monthly basis to continually monitor current and new suppliers.